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It’s been more than two years since we last evaluated Cypress vs Selenium WebDriver, and as we all know, a lot can happen in two years.
Since then, Selenium WebDriver has made impressive improvements as they prepare for the major release of Selenium 4, and Cypress has grown from its infancy phase. Let’s see what’s changed!
Learn how to specify the browsers and OS that you can run tests on while running your Cypress tests on BrowserStack. Firefox: 70 to 87 Edge: 80 to 89 (except 82). Back to Cypress blog. If you are a Node.js developer, installing Cypress as a dev dependency in your package.json file or even via direct download seems simple enough. Yet for developers working in other languages like Python or Go, using npm can be an obstacle. We often hear this question from developers.
Target Audience
In our previous post, we asserted that most of Selenium’s users are testers, while developers seemed to favor Cypress. While this was certainly true in its early days, the popularity of Cypress has increased with testers as well. Cypress has become the most widely used test automation tool amongst our JavaScript users, which comprises mostly of dedicated automation engineers.
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- Perfecto’s Cypress SDK is fully compliant with the Cypress technology. It supports the following operating systems and browsers: Windows: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge; Mac: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox; Cypress versions 3.8.3, 4.12.1, 5.6.0, and 6.7.1 are cached. Cypress versions 3 and earlier are not supported.
- Firefox sends the XMLhttp POST in 2 frames; one with header and 742 bytes of payload, and then the remaining 295 bytes of the payload in a second frame. Chrome sends the header as one frame, and the full 1024 bytes of payload as a second frame. It looks like wicedframeworkappwritechunk isn't handling the first case properly.
- When running cypress with options '-headless -browser firefox', cypress halts at the start of the second spec with message: Cypress could not connect to Firefox.
My theory for the uptick in the use of Cypress amongst testers is that collaboration is a key factor in tooling. It’s hard enough to get developers to contribute to UI testing, and if Cypress is a way to bridge that gap, then testers are all for it!
Language Support
Since Cypress was designed for frontend developers, it only supports JavaScript – the language of the web. This has not changed since Cypress was released, and it does not seem to be on the product’s roadmap. Consequentially, this puts Cypress at a disadvantage to Selenium which supports JavaScript as well as Java, Python, C#, Ruby, and Kotlin. This gives Selenium a much wider target audience, especially since Java is the most popular programming language for UI testing.
Browser Support
Arguably, the biggest enhancement to Cypress since our last post is its move from Chrome-only to cross browser support!
Cypress’ lack of cross-browser support was a major con for those who needed to test their applications on more than just Chrome. Many Cypress users had to rely on third-party plugins such as Applitools’ Ultrafast Grid to gain test coverage on multiple browsers. However, with version 4 of Cypress, this now opens the possibility of testing on Firefox and Edge as well.
Of course, Selenium WebDriver has always supported Chrome, Firefox, and IE; and has also supported Edge and Safari for years. This gives Selenium an edge in this category for those who need to test on Internet Explorer and Safari (the default browser for iOS devices).
Browser Capabilities
The architecture for Cypress and Selenium varies quite a bit (see our original comparison for the details). Cypress runs tests in-browser while Selenium uses a browser driver. Both of these approaches have their pros and cons.
Cypress tests are faster since there are less processes to call for every browser interaction. However, features such as opening and manipulating multiple tabs and windows is not supported in Cypress. Likewise, Cypress has limited support for working with iframes and requires you to write custom code to be able to do so.
Selenium users do not have to concern themselves with these limitations. Not only are iframes fully supported in WebDriver, but Selenium 4 boasts updated support for multiple windows and tabs.
Server Manipulation
In our previous post, we admired Cypress’ built-in support for mocking and intercepting server requests and responses. At that time, this powerful feature was not available in Selenium. However, Selenium 4 provides a brand new Chrome DevTools Protocol API which enables Selenium tests to not only mock server requests and intercept responses, but to fully leverage all of the possibilities of Chrome DevTools. This is a game-changing feature for Selenium WebDriver!
Which is Better? Selenium or Cypress?
That depends on your needs.
Cypress integrates quite nicely into a given production codebase making it favorable for developers, which therefore fares better for collaboration between developers and automation engineers/testers. Cypress’ architecture also inherently speeds up test execution.
However, Selenium has far more reach and support for browsers, programming languages, and browser capabilities.
If your application is relatively simple and speed and collaboration are the most important factors, then Cypress is a great choice. However, if your application and user journeys are more complex and require extensive testing across multiple platforms, then Selenium would be a better choice.
I applaud you for reading to the end! Tools have their intended purposes and while multiple tools may seem similar, we shouldn’t be so quick to label one tool as “better” than another. Evaluate any given tool against your requirements to determine which would be the most efficient for your needs.
I’m excited to see the progress in both Selenium WebDriver and Cypress over the last two years. Both are clearly here to stay!
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We recently open-sourced the Cypress Real World App (RWA) project on GitHub. The RWA is an example payment application for demonstrating real-world usage of Cypress testing methods, patterns, practices, and workflows.
You can use this app to learn, experiment, tinker, and practice application testing with Cypress. We consistently heard from our community that users needed a fully-formed, realistic, and relatable demonstrations of Cypress in practice. Users desired guidance beyond ad-hoc recipes and simple demo apps to leverage the capabilities of Cypress fully.
Motivated by the community feedback, we set out to build an application that was sufficiently-complex yet approachable. We aimed to accomplish and demonstrate the following:
- Easy & Quick Setup. There are no additional dependencies to install. The RWA uses lowDB, a JS-based JSON database, so no need to fuss with a database setup. Just clone, install and run.
- 100% Code Coverage. The app is instrumented for code coverage-reporting and achieves full coverage for backend and frontend code purely with E2E tests.
- Responsive Testing. All test suites run in desktop and mobile viewports in CI. To check out testing in mobile viewports, just run
yarn cypress:open:mobile. - Cross-browser Testing. All test suites are tested in Chrome and Firefox in CI.
- Cypress-specific Practices. We demonstrate practices that are unique to or made easy with Cypress, such as tapping into the state of your app, programmatic authentication, advanced custom commands, and more techniques to help you compose efficient tests.
- Database Seeding. Test data generation and database reseeding during testing. We also demonstrate how to compose E2E tests by directly querying the database for fetching test data or to make assertions.
- CI Best Practices. The RWA is tested on every pushed commit with a CI configuration that is readable and powerful. It handles parallelization, multi-viewport jobs, cross-browser jobs, and code-coverage reporting. You can view all the CI runs within the Cypress Dashboard.
The current state of the RWA is simply a starting point, and it serves as a foundation for the development of various prescriptive and in-depth guides:
- Test Organization & Approach: Effective test writing, test organization, scalable patterns, and best practices.
- Data Initialization: Methodologies for initializing data at the database and application layer for testing.
- Authentication: Practices for testing various authentication methods.
- and more specialized guides.
If you're interested in these guides, make sure to subscribe to our newsletter or follow the updates on Twitter.
We hope you find this project useful for learning testing and Cypress. We've got more in store, and value your feedback. Get started with the RWA today:
- Clone:
git clone https://github.com/cypress-io/cypress-realworld-app.git - Install:
yarn install - Start the app:
yarn start - Start testing:
yarn cypress:open
Happy Testing!
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